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Constipation
Constipation is defined as unsatisfactory defecation characterized by infrequent stools , difficult stool passage or both
Risk factors
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Advanced age
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Female gender
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Use of medications
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Low level of education)
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Low socioeconomic status
Diagnostic test
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Test for systemic disease Hemoglobin , ESR and biochemical screening test ( thyroid function , serum calcium , glucose)
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Colonoscopy
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Colonic transit time
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Wireless mortality capsule
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CT scan
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Anorectal manometry
Treatment
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Reassurance
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Lifestyle changes lifestyle modification , dietary changes, If patient experience difficulty in expelling stool, they should be advised to place a support approximately 6 inches in height under their feet when sitting on a toilet so that’s hips are flexed towards a squatting posture
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Fluid intake
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Fiber supplementation
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Specific therapy like laxatives, stool softener
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Anorectal biofeedback